All posts by robertsingleton85

Why I haven’t written in a while….

I haven’t posted anything in almost two weeks, despite my intent to write something every day. It’s not that I’ve been stuck on board a satellite watching bad movies with only a couple of wise-cracking robots for company. Nor is this a chance to use my favorite excuse for not writing, from Edgar Lee Masters’ Spoon River Anthology:

       He ran away and was gone for a year.
       When he came home he told me the silly story
       Of being kidnapped by pirates on Lake Michigan
       And kept in chains so he could not write me.

Actually, in the last two weeks I’ve gotten a new full-time job and possibly found a new place to live. Expect a burst of writing the next time I’ve got a day off….

Paul Simon, The Coast

Paul Simon

The Coast

The Rhythm of the Saints (1990)

Another day, another Paul Simon gem to write about.

After the success of Graceland, Paul Simon turned his attention to the music of South America. The Rhythm of the Saints opens with a flourish of drums that tells you that this album is going to be percussion-centered.

The Coast is a song consisting of alternating stories, one about a band of traveling musicians in Brazil, the other an affluent man trying to make sense of the world and his own life. The narrator is wrestling with the reality of a world where, for some, “the evening meal is negotiable, if there is one.”

I’ve previously written that Simon’s intricate portraits, primarily of people on the road, form a contemporary Canterbury Tales. The stories that comprise The Rhythm of the Saints are another example. This album even parallels the structure employed by Chaucer. The Coast begins with a description of a group of travelers settling down for the evening. That this structure was supposed to tie together the stories on the album is made even more obvious if you know that Paul Simon intended The Coast to open the record. Paul was overruled by Warner Bros., who wanted the first single, The Obvious Child, to lead off the album.

Moving The Coast to the first track on the album makes the structure more apparent. The record as originally sequenced by Simon, begins with this image:

       A family of musicians took shelter for the night
       In the little harbor church of St. Cecilia
       Two guitars, bata, bass drum and tambourine
       Rose of Jericho and Bougainvillea

Compare that to this modern English translation of the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales:

      There came at nightfall to that hostelry
       Some nine and twenty in a company
       Of sundry persons who had chanced to fall
       In fellowship, and pilgrims were they all
       That toward Canterbury town would ride.

The literary device Chaucer and Simon (and Homer and Schherazade) uses is a frame tale, and it’s a useful one that continues in both serious literature (John Barth’s The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor) to television fantasy (The Twilight Zone and The Simpsons’ Treehouse of Horror.)

But enough of that. Here are the lyrics for The Coast:

       A family of musicians took shelter for the night
       In the little harbor church of St. Cecilia
       Two guitars, bata, bass drum and tambourine
       Rose of Jericho and Bougainvillea

       This is a lonely life
       Sorrows everywhere you turn
       And that’s worth something
       When you think about it
       That’s worth some money
       That’s worth something
       When you think about it
       That is worth some money

       A trip to the market
       A trip into the pearl gray morning sunlight
       Settling over Washington
       A trip to the market
       A trip around the world
       Where the evening meal
       Is negotiable, if there is one.

       This is a lonely life
       Sorrows everywhere you turn
       And that’s worth something
       When you think about it
       That’s worth some money
       That’s worth something
       When you think about it
       That is worth some money

       To prove that I love you
       Because I believe in you
       Summer skies, stars are falling
       All along the injured coast
       If I have money
       If I have children
       Summer skies, stars are falling
       All along the injured coast
       Oh-wah oh-wah Doo-wop a Doo-wah
       Summer skies and stars are falling
       All along the injured coast
       Oh-wah oh-wah Doo-wop a Doo-wah
       Summer skies and stars are falling
       All along the injured coast

       We are standing in the sunlight
       The early morning sunlight
       In the harbor church of St. Cecilia
       To praise a soul’s returning to the earth
       To the rose of Jericho and the Bougainvillea

       To prove that I love you
       Because I believe in you
       Summer skies, stars are falling
       All along the injured coast
       If I have money
       If I have children
       Summer skies, stars are falling
       All along the injured coast

       If I have weaknesses
       Don’t let them blind me now
       Summer skies, stars are falling
       All along the injured coast
       Oh-wah oh-wah
       Doo Wop a Doo Wah
       Summer skies, stars are falling
       Leaving the shadow of the valley behind me now
       All along the injured coast
       Oh-wah oh-wah
       Doo Wop a Doo Wah
       Summer skies and stars are falling
       All along the injured coast
       Oh-wah oh-wah
       Doo Wop a Doo Wah

I almost forgot to mention the fluid, hypnotic guitar of Vincent Nguini on this track.

John Lennon, Nobody Loves You When You’re Down and Out

John Lennon

Nobody Loves You When You’re Down and Out

John Lennon Anthology (1998)

I’ve previously posted on a couple of John Lennon tracks, Love and Cold Turkey.

John Lennon Anthology is a massive four-CD box set compiled by Yoko Ono. The album consists of demos, alternate takes and other unreleased material, organized by Yoko into four periods, Ascot, New York City, The Lost Weekend and Dakota.

Today’s Random Selection from my iPod is Nobody Loves You When You’re Down and Out, not to be confused with the blues classic Nobody Knows You When You’re Down and Out. This track is part of The Lost Weekend disc.

Nobody Loves You When You’re Down and Out was written in the early seventies during a period when John and Yoko were separated and John was living in Los Angeles. A studio version of this song appeared on John’s 1974 release Walls and Bridges.

The demo version on John Lennon Anthology includes a false start, studio chatter and ends abruptly with John suggesting that they take a time out and listen to what they’ve got. The guitar part that Jesse Ed Davis would record for the Walls and Bridges version is missing from this demo.

Nobody Loves You is bleak and cynical. John is jaded about love, the music business and spirituality. Here are some lyrics:

       Nobody loves you when you’re down and out
       Nobody sees you when you’re on cloud nine
       Everybody’s hustlin’ for a buck and a dime
       I’ll scratch your back and you scratch mine

       I’ve been across to the other side
       I’ve shown you everything, I got nothing to hide
       But still you ask me do I love you, what it is, what it is
       All I can tell you is it’s all show biz
       All I can tell you is it’s all show biz

       Nobody loves you when you’re down and out
       Nobody knows you when you’re on cloud nine
       Everybody’s hustlin’ for a buck and a dime
       I’ll scratch your back and you knife mine

        I’ve been across the water now so many times
        I’ve seen the one eyed witchdoctor leading the blind
       And still you ask me do I love you, what you say, what you say
       Everytime I put my finger on it, it slips away
        Everytime I put my finger on it, it slips away

       Well I get up in the morning and I’m looking in the mirror to see, ooo wee!
       Then I’m lying in the darkness and you know I can’t get to sleep, ooo wee!

       Nobody loves you when you’re old and grey
       Nobody needs you when you’re upside down
       Everybody’s hollerin’ ’bout their own birthday
       Everybody loves you when you’re six foot in the ground

Paul Simon, Outrageous

Paul Simon

Outrageous

Surprise (2006)

As you may may recall from posts I’ve written on Diamonds on the Souls of Her Shoes, Hurricane Eye and Keep the Customer Satisfied, I’m quite a fan of Paul Simon.

By this point in his life, Simon can do things pretty much exactly as he wants to. He’s got a body of work that will stand in the pantheon of American songwriting and will endure long after he’s gone.

What Simon wanted to do this time around was work with Brian Eno. What this produced, among other things, was Outrageous,  a track with all the best elements of his post-Graceland albums, the beautiful acoustic guitar of long-time contributer Vincent Nguini and many of the jazz musicians Simon had worked with in the period after Graceland, and put them in a different sonic setting via the work of Eno, who is listed as providing “electronics and sound landscape” to the record.

There’s a lovely ringing quality to the guitars on Outrageous. And there’s a snap to the drumming of Steve Gadd, some staccato guitar riffing and some tasteful synthesizers that probably reflects Eno’s input to the production. Eno is also credited as cowriter of Outrageous.

Here are some lyrics:

       It’s outrageous to line your pockets off the misery of the poor
       Outrageous, the crimes some human beings must endure
       It’s a blessing to wash your face in the summer solstice rain
       It’s outrageous a man like me stand here and complain

       But I’m tired
       Nine hundred sit-ups a day
       I’m painting my hair the color of mud–mud, okay?
       I’m tired, tired
      Anybody care what I say? No!
       I’m painting my hair the color of mud

       Who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?
       Tell me, who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?
       Aw, who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?
       Who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?

       It’s outrageous, the food they try to serve in a public school
       Outrageous, the way they talk to you like you’re some of clinical fool
       It’s a blessing to rest my head in the circle of your love
       It’s outrageous I can’t stop thinking ‘bout the things I’m thinking of

       And I’m tired
       Nine hundred sit-ups a day
       I’m painting my hair the color of mud–mud, okay?
       I’m tired, tired, anybody care what I say? No!
       I’m painting my hair the color of mud

       Who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?
       Tell me, who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?
       Tell me, who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?

       Who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?
       Tell me, who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?

       God will
       Like He waters the flowers on your windowsill
       Take me
       I’m an ordinary player in the key of C
       And my will
       Was broken by my pride and my vanity

       Who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?
       God will
       Like He waters the flowers on your windowsill
       Who’s gonna love you when your looks are gone?

I got a new job today, and they tell me that on social media, I’ve got to put a disclaimer. So, for the record, please note:

Opinions expressed are my own, and do not necessarily represent the views or opinions of Interactions.

Stephen King, The Green Mile (Audiobook), Part Five: Night Journey, Chapter 9

The Green Mile | [Stephen King]

Stephen King

The Green Mile (1999 Audiobook)

Narrated by Frank Muller

Part Five: Night Journey, Chapter 9

As I’ve mentioned, I have a number of audiobooks on my iPod, and this is one of my favorites. Frank Muller’s presentation of the text to Stephen King’s novel is  a revelation. His interpretation brought out details of relationship between characters that I had missed when I read the book.

John Coffey is a man condemned to death for the rape and murder of two little girls. He also has strange healing powers. Paul Edgecombe, supervisor of E Block at Cold Mountain Penitentiary, has come to doubt that Coffey committed the crimes, has convinced some of the other guards to help him sneak Coffey out of the prison in order to let him try to help the wife of Warden Hal Moores. Melinda Moores is suffering from an inoperable brain tumor.

Coffey is able to draw out Melinda’s tumor, but at great personal cost. He is weakened and possibly dying from the effort.

This chapter concerns the jailers’ efforts to sneak Coffey back into Cold Mountain. Coffey is much weaker than he was on the trip out, and is too large to carry.

This section of the audiobook is a chance for Frank Muller to voice five characters, as well as the voice of the narrator, an older Paul Edgecombe. Each character has a distinct pace and accent, and the exposition is performed flawlessly.

In its original form, The Green Mile was released as a series of chapbooks, small volumes forming a complete novel. This chapter was the end of the fifth chapbook, Night Journey. There was no definite date for the final installment, so the end of this chapter was a bit of foreshadowing, made even more dramatic by the fact that we didn’t know how long we would have to wait for the final installment:

“Christ, I think we’re gonna – ” Brutal began, but I cut him off with a sharp elbow to the ribs.

“Don’t say it,” I said. “Don’t even think it, until he’s safe back in his cell.”

“And there’s Percy to think about,” Harry said. Our voices had a flat, echoey quality in the brick tunnel.

“The evening ain’t over as long as we got him to contend with.-“

As it turned out, our evening was far from over.

 

Robert Johnson, Phonograph Blues

Robert Johnson

Phonograph Blues

The Masters (1998)

This CD of twenty of Robert Johnson’s blues hits was released by Eagle Rock records in 1998. It’s not as comprehensive as some of the massive box sets released around the centennial of Johnson’s birth in 2011, but it’s a good place to start if you’re not familiar with the man.

Phonograph Blues was part of the recording session Brunswick Records set up for Johnson in 1936. On November 23, 1936, in Room 414 of the Gunter Hotel in San Anonio, Johnson recorded two takes of Phonograph Blues as part of a three-day session that produced blues classics like Cross Road Blues, Come On in My Kitchen, Ramblin’ on My Mind, Sweet Home Chicago and I Believe I’ll Dust My Broom.

Phonograph Blues is not subtle. Here are some lyrics from Take 1:

       Beatrice, she got a phonograph, and it won’t say a lonesome word
       Beatrice, she got a phonograph, but it won’t say a lonesome word
       What evil have I done, what evil has the poor girl heard

       Beatrice, I love my phonograph, but you have broke my windin’ chain
       Beatrice, I love my phonograph, ooh, honey, I broke my windin’ chain
       And you’ve taken my lovin’, and give it to your other man

       Now, we played it on the sofa, now, we played it ‘side the wall
       My needles have got rusty, baby, they will not play at all
       We played it on the sofa, and we played it ‘side the wall
       But my needles have got rusty, and it will not play at all

       Beatrice, I go crazy, baby, I will lose my mind
       And I go cra’eeh, honey, I will lose my mind
       Why’n’t you bring your clothes back home, and try me one more time

       She got a phonograph, and it won’t say a lonesome word
       She got a phonograph, ooh, won’t say a lonesome word
       What evil have I done, or what evil have the poor girl heard

I’m currently reading Crossroad Blues, a Nick Travers mystery by Ace Atkins. In the novel, Travers attempts to find out what happened to a friend disappears in the Louisiana Delta while researching the death of Robert Johnson. Travers is an ex-football player who sometimes play harmonica at JoJo’s Blues Bar in the French Quarter.

This is Atkins first novel, published in 1998. Since then, Atkins has been selected by the family of Robert B. Parker to continue writing new novels in the late author’s Spenser series. So far, Atkins has written three Spenser novels. His spare, precise prose and biting wit is very close to Parker’s style.

For those who might not want to see another author carrying on Robert B. Parker’s work, it might come as a surprise to find out why Parker became a mystery writer. Parker was depressed over the death of Raymond Chandler, author of the Philip Marlowe novels, and began writing the Spenser novels to carry on the spirit of Chandler.

Ashley and Foster, Frankie Silvers

Ashley and Foster

Frankie Silvers

People Take Warning! Murder Ballads & Disaster Songs, 1913-1938 (2007)

Back in May, I wrote about The Flood of 1927 by the Elders McIntorsh and Edwards’ Sanctified Singers from this album. People Take Warning! is an amazing collection of songs about murders, floods, fires and mine cave-ins.

Today’s Random Selection is Ashley and Foster’s Frankie Silvers, a murder ballad based on a true crime. The legend is that Frankie Silvers killed her husband Charlie, and the ballad is what she supposedly sang from the gallows. There are newspaper clippings from 1884 that claim that Frankie Silvers confessed, and that the words of the ballad are her confession.

I’ll spare you the details of the crime, but one source noted that Frankie’s husband “is buried in three separate graves in the Silvers family cemetery.” Frankie’s buied in a single grave in  Burkes County, North Carolina.

Another thing that’s not clear about the song is the relationship of Frankie Silvers to Frankie and Johnny (and the variants Frankie and Albert and Frankie and Allen,) another folk song about a woman who kills her cheating husband. Some sources say that Frankie Silvers’ husband was also known as Johnny.

Ashley and Foster were Clarence Ashley and Gwen Foster. Ashley played clawhammer banjo and guitar on the track, while Foster played harmonica and sang the ballad.

Here are some lyrics:

       This awful, dark and dismal day
       Has swept my glory all away,
       My sun goes down, my days have passed,
       And I must leave this world at last.

       Judge Daniels have my sentence passed,
       Those prison walls I leave at last,
       There’s nothing to cheer my drooping head
       Until I’m numbered with the dead.

       That awful ghost I know I’ll see
       There gnawing his flesh in misery,
       With flaming eyes he’ll say to me
       “Why did you take my life away?”

       His feeble hands fell gently down
       His chattering tongue has lost its sound,
       It strikes a terror to my heart
       To see his soul and body part

Sorry for the late post, but I had serious format problems yesterday. And sorry for the grim subject matter. Maybe I’ll pull up a song about puppies and kittens for my next post.

Lonnie Pitchford, Shake Your Money Maker

Lonnie Pitchford

Shake Your Money Maker

Living Country Blues: An Anthology (1999)

You’d think that Lonnie Pitchford was from an earlier era. He started out playing a diddley bow, a one-string guitar that he constructed himself. And he played an authentic style of Delta blues that he learned from Robert Lockwood, who taught Pitchford how to play in the style of Robert Johnson.

Lonnie Pitchford was much younger than one might think. He was born in 1955 and was only forty-three when he died in 1998, a year before the Living Country Blues compilation was released.

I’m having some trouble finding out when Pitchford recorded Shake Your Moneymaker. According to an Indonesian website, the track appeared on a compilation They Were Pioneers — 66 Legendary Blues Recordings, released in 1979 which would have made Pitchford a mere 24 when the album came out.

There is some circumstantial evidence that Pitchford’s Shake Your Money Maker may have been a “field recording” from 1978 or 1979. Field recordings are fairly common in blues and folk, where musicologists take sound equipment into bars and homes to capture performances by musicians who might never have been in a recording studio. The version of Shake Your Moneymaker that appears on Living Country Blues is just Lonnie Pitchford on slide guitar with no accompaniment.

On this track, Pitchford covers an Elmore James classic rfrom 1961. Shake Your Money Maker has been covered by the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Fleetwood Mac (in the pre-Buckingham-Nicks blues band era,) George Thorogood and the Black Crowes. Ludacris also released a ‘dirty rap’ take on the song.

Here are some lyrics:

       I got a girl who lives up on a hill
       I got a girl who lives up on a hill
       I don’t think she loves me,
       And I don’t think she ever will

       Just shake your money maker
       She just shake her money maker
       She just shake her money maker
       She just shake her money maker
       She just shake her money maker
       She just…

       I got a girl and she just won’t be true
       I got a girl and she just won’t be true
       I don’t think she loves me,
       And I don’t think she ever will

       She just shake your money maker
       She just shake her money maker
       She just shake her money maker
       She just shake her money maker
       She just shake her money maker
       She go…

Ella Fitzgerald, Medley No. 4: If I Give My Heart to You, Once in a While, Ebb Tide, The Lamp is Low, Where Are You? and Thinking of You (I’ve Grown So Lonesome)

Ella Fitzgerald

Medley No. 4: If I Give My Heart to You, Once in a While, Ebb Tide, The Lamp is Low, Where Are You? and Thinking of You (I’ve Grown So Lonesome)

30 by Ella (1968)

As I told you when I wrote about Medley No. 1 on this album and in an earlier post, I lack the Jazz Appreciation Gene. This is not an affliction that causes anything more than moderate social embarrassment as, for example, when I fall asleep anytime anyone says the names Kenny G. or Earl Klugh.

This medley from Ella Fitzgerald’s 1968 release 30 by Ella again showcases Ella’s incredible voice, backed by minimal accompaniment by guitar, bass, drums and horns. In Medley No. 1, Ella injected variety ito the track by singing either ahead or behind the beat, sometimes scatting to catch up.

In Medley No. 4, the variety is provided by the arrangement. Thinking of You (I’ve Grown So Lonesome) picks up the pace considerably, kicked off by a nice bass line by Bob West. Also of note on the medley are the tenor sax solos by Georgie Auld and some nifty drum fills by Louie Bellson.

Here’s some lyrics from The Lamp is Low:

       Dream beside me in the midnight glow, the lamp is low
       Dream and watch the shadows came and go, the lamp is low
       While you linger in my arms, my lips will sigh “I love you so” 
       Dream the sweetest dream well ever know
       Tonight the moon is high, the lamp is low

The Rolling Stones, Sympathy for the Devil

    

The Rolling Stones

Sympathy for the Devil

Hot Rocks 1964-1971 (1971)

It’s difficult to refer to this as a Rolling Stones album, since the Stones had little to do with the compiling or release of this record. Former manager Allen Klein, who had acquired the rights to all mateial written by the Stones through 1970, released Hot Rocks on his own ABKCO Records after his association with the band ended. I previously wrote about this situation in a post about the Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus.

But the Rolling Stones did a fair job of bouncing back from what Keith Richards has referred to “the price of an eduation.” The next year, they released Sticky Fingers, one of the most successful albums of their career. I wonder if the title Sticky Fingers is a reference to their former manager.In a final legal twist, Hot Rocks contains two tracks, Wild Horses and Brown Sugar, that also appear on Sticky Fingers, since Klein claimed that the songs were written before the Stones ended their contract with him. I previously wrote about Wild Horses from this album.

 

Sympathy for the Devil first appeared on the Rolling Stones’ 1968 release Beggars Banquet. The process of recording the song is, in part, the subject of the 1968 Jean-Luc Godard documentary Sympathy for the Devil. A second documentary, Gimme Shelter, by Albert and David Maysles, includes harrowing footage of the disastrous Altamont free show that concluded the Stones’ 1969 U.S. tour. I wrote something about this in a post about the Echo & the Bunnymen song, Altamont.

Sympathy for the Devil cover.jpg

Because of his increasing drug problems, Brian Jones was only intermittently present during the Beggars Banquet sessions. Keith Richards played the stinging lead guitar part on Sympathy for the Devil, as well as playing bass. The song also featured Rock Dijon on congas, and bassist Bill Wyman added maracas on the track. The result is a samba-tinged track, a sound experiment the Rolling Stones would explore later on Can’t You Hear Me Knocking on Sticky Fingers.

Sympathy for the Devil tells the story from a first-person point of view of the Devil’s presence throughout human history. I think this was intentional red meat for people who felt that the Rolling Stones were Satanists, determined to cause listeners to slouch, stay up late and talk back to their parents. Certainly, the Rolling Stones did nothing to dispel their bad-boy image. Mick Jagger added to the Sympathy for the Devil mystique when he said: “something very funny happens when we start that number.”

In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine put Sympathy for the Devil at No. 32 in its 500 Greatest Songs of All Time issue.

Here are some lyrics that may cause you to renounce your faith and quit the Boy Scouts:

       Please allow me to introduce myself
       I’m a man of wealth and taste
       I’ve been around for a long, long year
       Stole many a man’s soul and faith

       I was ’round when Jesus Christ
       Had his moment of doubt and pain
       Made damn sure that Pilate
       Washed his hands and sealed his fate

       Pleased to meet you
       Hope you guess my name
       But what’s puzzling you
       Is the nature of my game

       I stuck around St. Petersburg
       When I saw it was a time for a change 
       Killed the Czar and his ministers
       Anastasia screamed in vain

       I rode a tank
       Held a general’s rank
       When the Blitzkrieg raged
       And the bodies stank

       Pleased to meet you
       Hope you guess my name, oh yeah
       Ah, what’s puzzling you
       Is the nature of my game, ah yeah

       I watched with glee
       While your kings and queens
       Fought for ten decades
       For the god they made

       I shouted out,
       “Who killed the Kennedy’s?”
       When after all
       It was you and me

       Let me please introduce myself
       I’m a man of wealth and taste
       And I laid traps for troubadours
       Who get killed before they reached Bombay

       Pleased to meet you
       Hope you guessed my name, oh yeah
       But what’s puzzling you
       Is the nature of my game, ahhh yeah, get down, baby

        Pleased to meet you
        Hope you guess my name, oh yeah
        But what’s confusing you
        Is just the nature of my game mmm yeah
       Just as every cop is a criminal
       And all the sinners saints
       As heads is tails
       Just call me Lucifer
       ‘Cause I’m in need of some restraint

       So if you meet me
       Have some courtesy
       Have some sympathy, have some taste
       Use all your well-learned politesse
       Or I’ll lay your soul to waste, mmm yeah

       Pleased to meet you
       Hope you guess my name, mmm yeah
       But what’s puzzling you
       Is the nature of my game, mmm mean it, get down 

        Woo, who
        ah yeah, get on down
        Oh yeah
        bum bum ba ba ba do a, bum bum ba ba ba do a
        yea Ahh yeah!

       Tell me baby, what’s my name
       Tell me honey,  can ya guess my name
       Tell me baby, what’s my name
       I tell you one time, you’re to blame

       Oh, who
       woo, woo
       Woo, who alright
       oo, oo oo
       Woo, who, who
       Woo, who, who
       Oh, yeah
       Woo, who, who
       Woo, who, who
       Oh, yeah

       well What’s my name
       Tell me, baby, a what’s my name
      Tell me, sweetie, a what’s my name

       oo, who, who
       oo, who, who
       oo, who, who
       oo, who, who

       oo, who, who
       oo, who, who
       oo, who, who
       Ahhhhh, yeah

       Woo woo

I had to include all the Woo woo’s because the Satanism doesn’t work without them.